Agriculture one liner

T.me/Agriculturecompetitors

|  *important one liner*

♦️ *Some_Imp_Questions*♦️

▪️

▪️Phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) is a chemical used in agriculture crops in order to:  

Reduce transpiration 

▪️Jowar is known as: Camel crop Kings of coarse grains 

▪️ India is the second country after China to have commercialized the hybrid rice  

technology. 

▪️HD 2329 variety of wheat contributed maximum production during green revolution in India. 

▪️Plant rectangularity is: Plant to plant distance/row to row distance 

▪️In water erosion 3 m deep and more than 18 m wide gully is known as: Small gully (G2) 

▪️ 3-9 m deep and width of 18 m or more with side slope 8-15 % is known as: Medium gully (G3)

▪️Edible part of cauliflower is: Curd 

▪️Blanching is an important process of: Cauliflower 

▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to: MO Deficiency 

▪️Pusa ruby is a variety of: Tomato 

▪️Swaran roopa is the early variety of: Litchi 

▪️Pajaro is the variety of: Strawberry 

▪️Bolerois the variety of: Marigold 

▪️Richest source of vitamin C is: Barbados cherry 

▪️Largest importer of cut flower in the world: Germany 

▪️The dwarf variety of mango: Amrapali 

▪️California Papershell is the variety of Almond 

▪️Fruit of rose is known as: Hips

 

▪️Fruit of okra is a: Capsule 

▪️Coconut fat is a rich source of: Lauric acid 

▪️Coconut is propagated by: Seeds 

▪️Mango is mostly propagated through: Veneer grafting 

▪️Inflorescence of cauliflower is known as: Cyme 

▪️Inflorescence of cabbage is known as: Cat ken 

▪️Black heart of potato is due to: 02 deficiency 

▪️Pusa snowball is a variety of: Cauliflower 

▪️India's share in the fruit production in the World is: 10%

 

▪️Development of fruits without fertilization is called: Parthenocarpy

▪️Development of embryo without fertilization is known as: Apomixis 

▪️Oleoresin is an important product of: Chilli seeds or spices

▪️Kesar (saffron) belong to the family of: Iridiceae 

▪️Concentration of sugar is used for preservation is : 60-70 % 

▪️Mango variety suitable for high density planting is: Amrapali 

▪️Most salt tolerant fruit crop is: Date Palm 

▪️Fruit repining hormone is: Ethylene 

▪️A form of low pruning upto 2 m height of stem is called as Pollarding 

▪️Early variety of ber is: Gola, Seb 

Planting season for deciduous plants is Jan-Feb 

▪️The varicy of date- palm is used for dry dates (Chhuhara) Halawi 

▪️Generally fruits are in: Acidic nature 

▪️Baradari is an important feature of: Mughal garden 

▪️The fruit of pine apple is known as: Sorosis 

▪️Which crop is propogated by means of bulbils (clove): Garlic

 

▪️Edible banana fruit is seedless because of: Ambryo abortion 

▪️Multistoried cropping is popular in: Coconut plantation 

▪️Which is the late ripening cultivar of ber: Umran

Popular name of crops

T.me/Agriculturecompetitors

#Popular_names_of_some_important_crops

1. king of cereals - *Wheat* 

2. Queen of cereals- *Maize* 

3. King of vegetables- *potato* 

4. Poor mans meat- *soybean* 

5. famine reserves- *millets* 

6. camel crop- *sorghum* 

7. Queen of oilseed - *Sesame* 

8. king of oilseed- *G.N* 

.

9. Queen of fodder crop- *Lucerne* 

10.king of fodder cop- *barseem* 

11. vegetable meat- *Cowpea* 

12. Poor mans substitute for ghee-

 *Sesamum* 

13.poor mans friend- *Potato* 

14.poor mans food- *pearl Millet* 

15.King of weed *- Congress grass* 

16. Drosophila of crop plants- *Maize* 

17. king of coarse cereals- *Sorghum* 

18. king of fruits- *Mango* 

19.Queen of fruits- *Mangosteen* 

20.king of pulses- *Gram* 

21.Queen of pulses- *Pea* 

22.Queen of spices- *cardamom* 

23.King of flower- *Dahlia* 

24.Food of god- *Cocoa* 

25.Queen of beverage- *Tea* 

26.century plant- *date palm* 

27.White gold- *Cotton* 

28.Green gold- *Opium* 

29.king of arid fruits- *Ber* 

30.Poor's men fruits- *Ber* 

31.King of tamprate fruits- *Apple* 

32. Butter fruit- *Avocado* 

33. Adam's fig- *Banana* 

34. King of forest- *Teak* 

35. king of vegetable- *Brinjal* 

36. Queen of spices- *Cardamom* 

37. Poor man's orange-- *Tomato* 

38. Poor man's apple- *Guava* 

39. Love apple - *Tomato* 

40. Queen of oil seeds- *sesame( TIL)* 

41. King of spices- *BLACKPEPPER* 

43. Adam’s fig- *Banana* 

44. Kalpa Vriksha- *Coconut* 

45. Queen of flowers- *Rose* 

46. Green Gold- *Bamboo* 

47. Queen of beverage- *coffee* 

48. wonder crop- *soybean* 

49. Blanket flower is- *Gaillardia* 

50. Miracle fruit is- *kiwi* 

51. king of veg - *potato* 

52. Tree of paradise- *Banana* 

53. Apple of Paradise - *Banana* 

54. Monkey Jack - *Jack fruit* 

55. Apple of Tropic - *Guava* 

56. King of Arid fruits- *Ber*

 

57. Chinese Date - *Ber* 

58. Chinese Fig - *Ber* 

59.Five Corner fruit - *Carambola* 

60. Star Apple- *Phalsa* 

61. King of Temprate fruit - *Apple* 

62. Queen of Nut - *pecanut* 

63. King of Nut - *walnut* 

64. Gold mine of Wast land - *Cashew* 

65. Sapodilla plum - *Sapota* 

66. Fancy Fruit - *Mandarin* 

67. Black Plum - *Jamun* 

68. Indian Black Berry - *jamun* 

69. Black Plum - *Jamun* 

70. Melon Tree - *Japan* 

71. Indian Gooseberry - *Anola* 

72. Malacca Tree - *Anola* 

73. Wolf Apple - *Tomato* 

74. Vilayati Baigan - *Tomato* 

75. Butter Bean- *Lima Bean* 

76. Egg plant - *Brinjal* 

77. Kindney & Snap bean *- Frenchbean* 

78. Indian Bean *- Dolichos Bean* 

79. Horse & Faba Bean - *Broad bean* 

80. Vegetable of 20 century -  *WingedBean*  

81. Potato Bean - *Yam Bean* 

82. Misrikand - *Yam Bean* 

83. Balsam Pear- *Bitter Gaurd* 

84. Bitter Cucumber- Bitter *gaurd* 

85. Vegetable of Immensd Value -

 *Pumpkin* 

86. Wax & white Gaurd- *Ash gaurd* 

87. Swiss Chord - *Paalak* 

88. Beetleaf - *Palak* 

89. Horse Raddish Tree- *Drumstick* 

90. Vegetable of 21 century -

 *Chekurmanis* 

91. Black Eyed pea - *Cowpea* 

92. Wholesome Food - *Musklearner Melon* 

93. King of Annual Flower- *Pensy* 

94. Lovers Chain - *Coral Vine* 

95. Schlor's Tree - *Ashok* 

96. Bodhi Tree - *Pipal* 

97. Peacock - *Gulmohar* 

98. Blue Gum - *Safeda* 

99. China Shoe flower - *Gurhal* 

100. Pigeon Berry - *Duranta* 

101. Poorman's Orchid - *Schizanthus* 

102. Love in a Mist- *Nigella*

 

103. Star flower- *Phlox* 

104. Cone Flower - *Rudbeckia* 

105. Cape marigold - *Dimorphotheca* 

106. Pot Marigold - *Calendula* 

107. Dog Flower - *Antirrhin nihum* 

108. Bunny Rabbit - *Antirrhinum* 

109. Babys Breath - *Gypsophyla*

Thank you

History of plant breeding

• T.me/Agriculturecompetitors
  

@Agriculturecompetitors

🌾Landmark in Plant Breeding:🌾

1717: Thomas Fairchild: Developed first Inter specific hybrid between sweat William and Carnation Species of Dianthus.

1800: Knight, T.A (English): First used Artificial Hybridization in Fruit Crops.

1840: John Le Couteur: They developed the concept of progeny test individual plant selection in cereals.

1856: De Vimorin (French Biologist): Further elaborated the concept of progeny test and used same in Sugarbeet.

1865: Mendel, G.J (Austria): Discovered principles of inheritance in garden pea.

1890: Rimpu (Sweden): First made inheritance cross between bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye ( Secale cereale ), which later on gave birth to triticale.

1900: De Varies (Holland) Correns (Germany) Tschermak ( Austria) Rediscovered Mendel laws of inheritance independently.

1900: Nilson, H (Swedish) :  Elaborated individual plant selection method.

1903: Johannsen, W.L: Developed the concept of pure line.

1908: Shull, G.H (US) East , E.M ( US) proposed over dominance hypothesis independently working with maize.

1908: Devenport, C.B: First proposed dominance hypothesis of heterosis. 

1910: Bruce, A.B. keable, F. and Pellew, C. Elaborated the dominance hypothesis of heterosis proposed by davenport.

1914: Shull, G.H: First used the term heterosis for hybrid vigour.

1919: Hays, H.K. Garber, R.J Gave initial idea about recurrent selection. They first suggested use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation in maize.

1920: East E.M and Jones, D.F, also gave initial idea about recurrent selection.

1925: East, E.M and Mangelsdorf, A.J: First discovered gametophytic system of self incompatibitlity in Nicotiana sanderae.

1926: Vavilov, N.I: Identified 8 main centers and 3 sub centers of crop diversity. He also developed concept of parallel series of variation or law of homologous series of variation.

1928: Stadler, L.J (US): First used X-rays for induction of mutations.

1936: East, E.M: Supported over dominance hypothesis of heterosis proposed by East and Shull in 1908.

1939: Goulden, C.H: First suggested the use of single seed descent method for advancing segregating generations of self pollinating crops.

1940: Jenkins, M.T: Described the procedure of recurrent selection.

1945: Hull, F.H: Coined the terms recurrent selection and overdominance working with maize.

1950: Hughes and Babcock:  First discovered sporophytic system of self incompatibility in Crepis foetida.

1952: Jensen, N.F:  First suggested the use of multi lines in oats.

1953: Borlaug, N.E: First outlined the method of developing multi lines in Wheat.

1964: Borlaug, N.E: Developed high yielding semi dwarf varieties of wheat which resulted in green revolution.

1965: Grafius, J.E: First applied Single Seed Descent (SSD) method in oats.

1970: Patel, C.T: Developed world’s first cotton hybrid for commercial cultivation in India.

1976: Yuan Long Ping et al: Developed world’s first rice hybrid ( CMS based) for commercial cultivation in China.

1987: Monsanto: Developed world’s transgonic cotton plant in USA.

1991: ICRISAT: Developed world’s first pigeon pea hybrid (ICPH 8) for commercial cultivation in India.

1908: Monsanto. USA: Identificaton of traitor gene, which responds to specific brand of fertilizers and insecticides.

🌾Indian Scientist:🌾

Dr. M.S. Swaminathan – Mutation breeding, developed semidwarf wheat varieties at IARI, New Delhi.

1) Maheshwari and Guha (1964)- Produced haploid plant in Vitro from pollen grain.

2) Barber and T.S venkatraman – Nobilization of sugarcane.

3) Dr. Athwal – Pioneer of Bajara breeder.

4) Ramiah- Pioneer of rice breeder 

5) Dr. N.G.P. Rao – Sorghum breeder.

6) Dr. Yogendra Nerkar- Former vice Chanceller of M.P.K.V develops Prabhavati mutant Rice variety.

Join us @Agriculturecompetitors

Please join our telegram channel. 

T.me/Agriculturecompetitors

Classification of fungicide

T.me/Agriculturecompetitors

🔰0Classification of Fungicide

➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

🔘Fungicides can be broadly grouped based on their 

(i) mode of action

(ii) general use 

(iii) chemical composition.

1》 Based on mode of action

■Protectant🛡

As the name suggests, protectant fungicides are prophylactic in their behaviour. Fungicide which is effective only it applied prior to fungal infection is called a protectant, 

eg, Sulphur 

      zineb💊

■Therapeutunt🔬

Fungicide which is capable of eradicating a fungus after it has caused infection and there by curing the plant is called chemotherapeutunt

 eg. Carboxin. 

       Oxycarboxin 

       antibiotics like Aureofungin.

Usually chemotherapeutant are systemic in their action and affect the deep-seated infection💊

■Eradicant⚔

Eradicant are those which remove pathogenic fungi from an infection court (area of the host around a propagating unit of a fungus in which infection could possibly occur),

 eg. Organic mercurials,

       lime

       sulphur, dodine etc.💊

These chemicals eradicate the dormant or active pathogen from the host. 

They can remain effective on or in the host for some time. 

🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈🎈

2 》 Based on general uses

The fungicides can also be classified hased on the nature of their use in nunaging the diseases.

1. Seed protectants: 

Eg. Captan

      thiram 

      organomercuncs

      carbendazim 

      carboxin etc💊

2. Soil fungicides (preplant) : 

Eg. Bordeaux mixture, 

      copper oxy chloride. 

      Chloropicrin.

      Formaldehyde 

       Vapam etc.💊

3. Soil fungicides: 

Eg. Bordeaux mixture, 

      Capton.

      PCNB, 

      thiram etc💊

4. Foliage and blossom: 

Eg. Captan , 

      zineb protectants 

      mancozeb, 

      chlorothalonil etc💊

5. Fruit protectants: 

Eg. Captan 

      maneb 

      carbendaim 

      mancozeb etc💊

6. Eradicunts: 

Eg. Organomercurials

      lime 

      sulphur, etc💊

7. Tree wound dressers: 

Eg. Boreaux paste, 

      chaubattia paste, etc💊

8. Antibiotics: 

Eg. Actidione, 

      Griseofulvin, 

      Streptomycin, 

      Streptocycline, etc💊

⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️⚠️

3》 Based on Chemical Composition

The chemical available for plant disease control runs into hundreds, however, all are not equally safe, effective and popular. 

Major group of fungicides used include

salts of toxic metals

organic acids

organic compounds of sulphur mercury,

quinines and heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds. 

Copper

mercury

zinc and nickel 

are some of the metals used as base for inorganic and organic fungicides. 

The non metal substances include, sulphur, chlorine, phosphorous

Horticulture MCQ-2 for jrf and pre pg

           

Horticulture MCQ

t.me/Agriculturecompetitors

 Most abundant and basic Auxin is _____

(A) IAA

(B) NAA

(C) 1BA

(D) 2-4 D

Ans. A

. India is known as home of _____

(A) Vegetables

(B) Spices and Medicinal

(C) Fruits

(D) Flowers

Ans. B

High Water Use Efficiency (WUE)

(A) Flood irrigation

(B) Sprinkler

(C) Drip

(D) All of the above

Ans. C

. Protray are related to _____

(A) Post harvest

(B) Nursery

(C) Processing

(D) Transport

Ans. B

 Which test is used for testing the significance of mean differences?

(A) t-test

(B) f-test

(C) z-test

(D) k2-test

Ans. A

. Detrimental effect of host plant on the biology of insect is known as _____

(A) Non preference

(B) Tolerance

(C) Antibiosis

(D) Resistance

Ans. C

. Disease free plants in micro propagation can be obtained through _____

(A) Meristem culture

(B) Anther culture

(C) Embryo culture

(D) Cell culture

Ans. A

 Which of the following chemical is used for polyploidy breeding

(A) MH

(B) CCC

(C) NAA

(D) Colchicine

Ans. D

. Which of the following is an antifungal and an antibiotic

(A) Pimarcin

(B) Subtilin

(C) Nisin

(D) Zeatin

Ans. A

. Making an incision below a bud to retard its growth

(A) Nicking

(B) Ringing

(C) Notching

(D) Thinning

Ans. A

. Germination of seed while it still remains attached with the parent source

(A) Ovipary

(B) Apomixis

(C) Vivipary

(D) Asepsis

Ans. C

. Angle formed by attached of a branch to the trunk

(A) Conn

(B) Crown

(C) Corona

(D) Crotch

Ans. D

“Queen of Fruits” is called ______

(A) Avocado

(B) Mango

(C) Mangosteen

(D) Ber

Ans. C

“King of Fruits” is called _____

(A) Mango

(B) Guava

(C) Apple

(D) Citrus

Ans. A

“King of Temperate Fruits” is called _____

(A) Pear

(B) Apple

(C) Peach

(D) Kiwi Fruit

Ans. B

 “Queen of Nuts” is called ____

(A) Walnut

(B) Almond

(C) Peanut

(D) Date palm

Ans. C

. “King of Nuts” is called _____

(A) Walnut

(B) Almond

(C) Peanut

(D) Date palm

Ans. A

. “King of Arid Fruits” is called ____

(A) Aonla

(B) Pomegranate

(C) Phalsa

(D) Ber

Ans. D

. “Fruit of the 21st century” is called _____

(A) Jamun

(B) Ber

(C) Aonla

(D) Bael

Ans. C

 “Pusa Nanha” dwarf variety of Papaya is developed through _____

(A) Hybridization

(B) Mutation

(C) Selection

(D) Heterosis

Ans. B

Pusa Majestic is a variety of ____

(A) Papaya

(B) Gauva

(C) Mango

(D) Citrus

Ans. A

. The fruit of banana is botanically a/an

(A) Pepo

(B) Berry

(C) Pome

(D) Drupe

Ans. B

Chromosome number of Mango

(A) 2x = 40

(B) 4x = 40

(C) 3x = 40

(D) x = 40

Ans. B

. Chromosome number of Mangosteen

(A) 2x = 40

(B) 2x = 14

(C) 2x = 24

(D) 2x = 34

Ans. C

. Pollination in Mango is mainly

(A) House fly

(B) Honey bees

(C) Weevil

(D) Wind

Ans. A

. Polyploidy variety of Mango

(A) Vellaicollamban

(B) Olour

(C) Kurukkan

(D) All of the above

Ans. D

Which Mango variety is suitable for high density planting?

(A) Sindhu

(B) Amrapali

(C) Mallika

(D) Ambika

Ans. B

Seedless variety of Mango

(A) Mallika

(B) Safari

(C) Ratna

(D) Sindhu

Ans. D

. Which of the following is the edible part of Litchi

(A) Pericarp

(B) Kernal

(C) Fleshy aril

(D) Thalamus

Ans. C

 Regulation in mango to some extent can be induced with the application of _

(A) Paclobutrazol

(B) ABA

(C) Auxin

(D) Thiourea

Ans. A

. Which Papaya species is resistant to distortion ring-spot virus?

(A) Carica papaya

(B) Carica pentagona

(C) Carica cauliflora

(D) Carica microcarpa

Ans. C

. Gulabi is important cultivar of _

(A) Strawberry

(B) Litchi

(C) Pomegranate

(D) Grape fruit

Ans. B

 Which state is known as “Apple Bowl”

(A) Himachal Pradesh

(B) Uttrakhand

(C) J & K

(D) Punjab

Ans. A

. Apple is divided in how much grades

(A) 4

(B) 8

(C) 6

(D) 10

Ans. A

 Polyembryonic fruit crop (/crops) is (/are)

(A) Mango

(B) Citrus

(C) Jamun

(D) All of the above

Ans. D

Seed production and technology MCQ

t.me/Agriculturecompetitors


Seed production and technology MCQ


1. Seed lot certificate colour is–
(A) Orange (B) Green
(C) Purple (D) Orange or Green✓

2. Hot water treatment is used to break dormancy in–
(A) Lentil✓ (B) Cherry
(C) Cotton (D) None

3. Mak – 12 is a variety of–
(A) Maize (B) Medicago
(C) Bt Cotton✓ (D) Tomato

4. Difference between seed and grain is–
(A) Seed processing (B) Genetic purity✓
(C) Seed quality (D) Cost

5. Fanning mill is–
(A) Air screen cleaner✓ (B) Hammermill
(C) Blower (D) Rice mill

6. National Nematode collection of India is located at–
(A) New Delhi✓ (B) Dharwad
(C) Anand (D) Bangalore

7. Size of Saltation is–
(A) 0’1 – 0·5 mm✓ (B) < 0·1 mm
(C) 0’55 – 1 mm (D) > 0’1 mm

8. Seed coat peroxidase test is used for–
(A) Sorghum (B) Wheat
(C) Soybean✓ (D) Groundnut

9. Pure seed fraction in Abelmoschus esculen: “is–
(A) 98 (B) 95
(C) 99✓ (D) 96

10. ___ Sugar found in germinating seed in large amount–
(A) Maltose✓ (B) Sucrose
(C) Cellobiase (D) Lactose

11. The blotter method of seed health testing detects primarily–
(A) Virus (B) Fungi✓
(C) Bacteria (D) Nematodes

12. A sound seed certification programme requires–
(A) Direct participation of breeder✓
(B) Use of sophesticated equipment
(C) Classification of seed
(D) Support of law

13. The Rudimentary root of the seed or seedling that forms the primary root of the young plant is known as–
(A) Rachis (B) Radicle✓
(C) Rachilla (D) Raceme

14. Mode of pollination in maize is–
(A) Self-pollination (B) Vegetative propagation
(C) Cross-pollination✓ (D) None

15. T2 test colour of living tissues of seed changed to–
(A) Red✓ (B) Blue
(C) Yellow (D) Green

16. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in wheat seed is–
(A) 12✓ (B) 15
(C) 7 (D) None

17. The structure and function of nitrogenase can be studied by–
(A) NMR (B) EPR
(C) Massbauer spectroscopy (D) All✓

18. In India, normally how many generation system seeds are produced?
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3✓ (D) 4

19. Dicot endospermic seed is–
(A) Castor (B) Fenugreek
(C) Both (A) and (B)✓ (D) Bean

20. When the pathogen is loosely mixed with seed in the form of sclerotia, galls etc are called–
(A) Infection (B) Infestation
(C) Contamination (D) Concomitant contamination✓

21. Slow drying seed is–
(A) Cereals (B) Rapeseed and mustard
(C) Grass (D) Pulses✓

22. Which is total root pparasite?
(A) Orobanchae (B) Conophalis
(C) Epitagus (D) All✓

23. +ve photoblastic seeds are–
(A) Nigella (B) Silene
(C) Nemophills (D) Arraranutum✓

24. Germination is inhibited by–
(A) Red light (B) Blue light
(C) IR light✓ (D) UV light

25. Tetrazolium test determine the level of activities of enzyme–
(A) ATPase (B) Dehydrogenase✓
(C) Carboxylase (D) Isomerase

26. Murate of potash is–
(A) K2S04 (B) KCl✓
(C) KN03 (D) K2HP04

27. Production of seedless grapes require–
(A) Gibberlins✓ (B) NAA
(C) Ethylene (D) IAA

28. Inflorescence of cauliflower is called–
(A) Catkin (B) Head
(C) Curd✓ (D) None

29. Pusa snow ball is variety of–
(A) Sapotqa (B) Cauliflower✓
(C) Ber (D) Cabbage

30. Development of embryo without fertillization is–
(A) Apomixis✓ (B) Amghimixis
(B) Parheno carpy (D) None

horticulture MCQ for JRF and pre pg

t.me/Agriculturecompetitors
https://www.instamojo.com/Agriculturecompetitors

1.Experiments used to study the effects of two or more factors and their interrelationship is  .... factorial experiments

2. Level of significance is the probability of  ...,.Type 1 error

3. The probability of an impossible event is ......zero

4. F test is also known as ..... variance ratio test

5. Coefficient of variation is calculated by SD/Mean

6. Relation between standard deviation and mean deviation is .......5MD=4SD

7. A student T test was given by..... WS Gossett

8. Rank correlation is tested by T test

9. The degree of flatness or peakness of the frequency curve is known as  .......kurtosis

10. Lack of symmetry of frequency distribution is known as skewness

11. The correlation Coefficient lies between -1 to + 1

 12 the off season mango variety is Niranjan

13. the ratio of pollenizer and main crop in Apple Orchard should be 9 : 1

14. seedless F1 hybrid of watermelon is pusa bedana

15. pointed gourd is propagated through stem cutting

16. oldest Banyan tree is located in Indian Botanical Garden Sibpore Kolkata

17.60 blaze is a variety of climber rose

18 mango variety most suitable for high density planting is Amrapali 1600 trees in one hectare

19 which type of inflore%scence is found in papaya auxiliary panicles

20. family of Jasmine oleaceae

21. seedlessness in grape is due to stenospermocarpy

22. The word vitamin was coined by casimir funk

23 which vitamin B is generally absent in vegetables vitamin B12

24 National Horticulture board was established at Gurgaon under which act the societies Registration Act 1860

25 largest family of flowering plant is orchidaceae

26 according to ICMR the recommended vegetables consumption in India is 300 gram per capita per day

27 per capita consumption of vegetables in India is 130 gram per day

28 International Institute of horticulture is situated in Brazil

29 seed plot technique in potato was developed by Dr Puskarnath

30. Which coloured brinjal is preferred by diabetic patients white colour

31 the acidity of tomato fruit is due to citric acid and malic acid

32 lycopene pigment is responsible for red colour in tomato it is highest at 2'C to 24'C

 33 the first root knot nematode resistant variety of tomato is sel-120

34 hormones used in cucurbits to modify sex and to induce femaleness GA & NAA(Agrimantra)

35 Ivy gourd is also known as kundru / little guard/ tondi/ coccinia

36 pointed gourd is propagated through stem cutting

37 seedless F1 hybrid of watermelon is pusa bedana

38 pusa arunima is crossed between amarpali*  sensation

39 fruit tyoe of mango Fleshy Drupe

40. Main nutrients of mango vitamin A (46660IU)

 41 mango variety most suitable for high density planting is Amrapali 1600 trees in one hectare

42 the off season mango variety is Niranjan

43 mango malformation a serious physical disorder was first observed in which state Bihar in 1891


44 the only citrus fruit which content malic acid  ...... sweet orange

45 the seedlessness in Banana is due to vegetative parthenocarpy

46 in banana the sequential cutting of the plant after harvest is called mottocking

47 lady finger is the variety of banana

 48 which type of inflorescence is found in papaya auxiliary panicles

49 m27 a variety of Apple as a result of cross between m13 and m9(Agrimantra)

50 the ratio of pollenizer and main crop in Apple Orchard should be 9 : 1

51 type of self incompatibility is found in Apple gametophytic

 52 the fruit recommended for sugar patient is Jamun

53 Ganesh Kirti is the variety of Ber

54 ne plus Ultra is the variety of almond

55 plum Blossoms Aroma is due to benzaldehyde

56 rootstock of cherry is colt

57 Gulkand is prepared by mixing rose petals and sugar in the ratio of 1 : 1

58 fruit of rose is known as hip

59 rose flowers required to produce 1 gram of oil 2000 flowers.

agriculture knowledge: Aim and objective of plant breeding

agriculture knowledge: Aim and objective of plant breeding: t.me/Agriculturecompetitors https://www.instamojo.com/Agriculturecompetitors ����Plant breeding is an art and science, which t...

Aim and objective of plant breeding

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🌾🌾Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques Plant breeding has been 

practiced for thousands of years, since near the beginning of human civilization. It is now 

practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers, or by professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centers.

The objectives may be

a) Crop improvement

b) Improved agronomic characters

c) Resistance against biotic and abiotic stress

1. Increased yield

Majority of our breeding programmes aims at increased yield. This is achieved by developing more efficient genotypes. The classical examples are utilization of Dee Gee Woo Gen in rice and Norin10 in wheat. Identification and utilization of male sterility

2. Improving the quality

 Rice -milling, cooking quality, aroma and grain colour

 wheat- milling and baking quality and gluten content.

 pulses -Protein content and improving sulphur containing amino acids

3. Elimination of toxic substance

 HCN content in jowar plants

 Lathyrogen content in Lathyrus sativus (βN oxalyamine alanine BOAA)

 Erucic acid in Brassicas

 Cucurbitacin in cucurbits

4. Resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses 

 Biotic stress: Evolving pests and diseases resistant varieties there by reducing cost of 

cultivation, environmental pollution and saving beneficial insects.

 Abiotic stress: It is location specific problem. Soil factors and edaphic factors some times 

poses severe problems. Breeding resistant varieties is the easy way to combat abiotic 

stress.

5. Change in maturity duration – Evolution of early maturing varieties

6. Improved agronomic characters -Production of more tillers – E.g. Rice, Bajra,

7. Reducing the plant height to prevent lodging – Rice

8. Photoinsensitivity – Redgram, sorghum

9. Non-shattering nature – Green gram, Brassicas

10. Synchronized maturity – Pulses

11. Determinate Growth habit –determinate growth – Pulses

12. Elimination or introduction of dormancy –Groundnut

Scope of plant breeding

Since the cultivable land is shrinking and there is no scope for increasing the area under 

cultivation, the only solution to meet the food requirement is by increasing the crop yield through genetic improvement of crop plants. There are two ways by which yieldi improvement is possible.

1. Enhancing the productivity of crops

This can be done

a) By the proper management of soil and crops involving suitable agronomic practices and 

harvesting physical resources.

b) By using high potential crop varieties created by appropriate genetic manipulation  crop plant

2. Stabilizing the productivity achieved

This is done by using crop varieties that are bred especially for wide adaptation or for 

specific crop zones to offset the ill effects of unfavorable environmental conditions prevailing in the areas.🌾🌾

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Government schemes in agriculture sector

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Soil Health Card Scheme

Launched in 2015, the scheme has been introduced to assist State Governments to issue Soil Health Cards to all farmers in the country.  The Soil Health Cards provide information to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendation on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil health and its fertility.

2. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

PMFBY is an actuarial premium based scheme under which farmer has to pay maximum premium of 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi food & oilseed crops and 5% for annual commercial/horticultural crops and remaining part of the actuarial/bidded premium is shared equally by the Centre and State Government.  One of the objectives of the scheme is to facilitate prompt claims settlement. The claims must be settled within two months of harvest subject to timely provision of both yield data and share of premium subsidy by the State Government.

 3. Neem Coated Urea (NCU)
This scheme is initiated to regulate use of urea, enhance availability of nitrogen to the crop and reduce cost of fertilizer application.  NCU slows down the release of fertilizer and makes it available to the crop in an effective manner. The entire quantity of domestically manufactured and imported urea is now neem coated.  It reduces the cost of cultivation and improves soil health management.

4. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)

It was launched on 1st July, 2015 with the motto of ‘Har Khet Ko Paani’ for providing end-to end solutions in irrigation supply chain, viz. water sources, distribution network and farm level applications.
PMKSY not only focuses on creating sources for assured irrigation, but also creating protective irrigation by harnessing rain water at micro level through ‘Jal Sanchay’ and ‘Jal Sinchan’.
Micro irrigation is to be popularised to ensure ‘Per drop-More crop’. PMKSY adopts State level planning and projectised execution that allows States to draw up their own irrigation development based on District Irrigation Plans and State Irrigation Plans.

Components: 

• Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme(AIBP): implemented by Ministry of Water Resources, RD & GR.
• PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani): implemented by Ministry of Water Resources, RD & GR
• PMKSY (Watershed): implemented by Department of Land Resources.
• PMKSY(Per Drop More Crop - PDMC)

5. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

It is implemented with a view to promote organic farming in the country. To improve soil health and organic matter content and increase net income of the farmer so as to realise premium prices.  Under this scheme, an area of 5 lakh acre is targeted to be covered though 10,000 clusters of 50 acre each, from the year 2015-16 to 2017-18.

6. National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) 

It provides e-marketing platform at national level and support creation of infrastructure to enable e-marketing.
This innovative market process is revolutionizing agriculture markets by ensuring better price discovery. It brings in transparency and competition to enable farmers to get improved remuneration for their produce moving towards ‘One Nation One Market’. 

7. Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF) 

A dedicated MIF created with NABARD has been approved with an initial corpus of Rs. 5000 crore (Rs. 2000 crore for 2018-19 & Rs. 3000 crore for 2019-20) for encouraging public and private investments in Micro irrigation. The main objective of the fund is to facilitate the States in mobilizing the resources for expanding coverage of Micro Irrigation.
MIF would not only facilitate States in incentivizing and mobilizing resources for achieving the target envisaged under PMKSY-PDMC but also in bringing additional coverage through special and innovative initiatives by State Governments.
An Advisory Committee has been set up to provide policy direction and ensure effective planning, coordination and monitoring of the Micro Irrigation Fund.

8. Agriculture Contingency Plan 

Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), ICAR has prepared district level Agriculture Contingency Plans in collaboration with state agricultural universities using a standard template to tackle aberrant monsoon situations leading to drought and floods, extreme events (heat waves, cold waves, frost, hailstorms, cyclone) adversely affecting crops, livestock and fisheries (including horticulture).
Total 614 district agriculture contingency plans are placed in the ‘farmer portal’ of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, cridawww.cridawww.crida.comwww.crida.in in the ICAR / CRIDA website (http://www.crida.in) for downloading the full plan by stakeholders for operational use.

9. Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)

Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP) was implemented as a sub-scheme under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).

Aim

• To improve quality of life of farmers’ especially, small and marginal farmers by offering a complete package of activities to maximize farm returns.
• Increasing agricultural productivity of rainfed areas in a sustainable manner by adopting appropriate farming system based approaches.
• To minimise the adverse impact of possible crop failure due to drought, flood or un-even rainfall distribution through diversified and composite farming system.
• Restoration of confidence in rainfed agriculture by creating sustained employment opportunities through improved on-farm technologies and cultivation practices
• Enhancement of farmer’s income and livelihood support for reduction of poverty in rainfed areas and

10. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)

The scheme of National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) was launched in 1990-91 based on twin concepts of integrated watershed management and sustainable farming systems.
Aim

• Conservation, development and sustainable management of natural resources.
• Enhancement of agricultural production and productivity in a sustainable manner.
• Restoration of ecological balance in the degraded and fragile rainfed eco-systems by greening these areas through appropriate mix of trees, shrubs and grasses.
• Reduction in regional disparity between irrigated and rainfed areas and;
• Creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural community including the landless.

11. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

NMSA is one of the eight Missions under National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). It aims at promoting Sustainable Agriculture through climate change adaptation measures, enhancing agriculture productivity especially in rainfed areas focusing on integrated farming, soil health management, and synergizing resource conservation.
NMSA as a programmatic intervention caters to Mission Deliverables that focuses mainly on conservation agriculture to make farm sector more productive, sustainable, remunerative and climate resilient by promoting location specific integrated/composite farming systems.

 Schemes under NMSA

• Rainfed Area Development (RAD): RAD is being implemented by RFS Division.
• Soil Health Management (SHM): SHM is being implemented by INM Division
• Sub Mission on Agro Forestry (SMAF): SMAF is being implemented by NRM Division
• Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): PKVY is being implemented by INM Division
• Soil and Land Use Survey of India (SLUSI): Being implemented by RFS Division
• National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA): Being implemented by RFS Division
• Mission Organic Value Chain Development in North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER): Being implemented by INM Division
• National Centre of Organic Farming (NCOF): Being implemented by INM Division
• Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institute (CFQC&TI): implemented by INM Division

12. Livestock insurance Scheme

It aims to provide protection mechanism to the farmers and cattle rearers against any eventual loss of animals due to death. The scheme also demonstrates the benefit of the insurance of livestock to the people and popularizes it with the ultimate goal of attaining qualitative improvement in livestock and their products.

13. National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen

This scheme was launched to provide financial assistance to fishers for construction of house, community hall for recreation and common working place. It also aims to install tube-wells for drinking water and assistance during lean period through saving cum relief component.

14. Scheme on Fisheries Training and Extension

It was launched to provide training for fishery sector so as to assist in undertaking fisheries extension programmes effectively.

15. Gramin Bhandaran Yojna

Objective of this Scheme:

• Create scientific storage capacity with allied facilities in rural areas.
• To meet the requirements of farmers for storing farm produce, processed farm produce and agricultural inputs.
• Promotion of grading, standardization and quality control of agricultural produce to improve their marketability.
• Prevent distress sale immediately after harvest by providing the facility of pledge financing and marketing credit by strengthening agricultural marketing infrastructure in the country.
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Revolution in agriculture hindi

Revolution in Agriculture (कृषि के क्षेत्र में क्रांतियां) 

हरित क्रांति

* हरित क्रांति की सर्वप्रथम शुरुआत 1966 से 1967 में किया गया था तथा इसका दूसरा चरण 1983 में शुरुआत किया गया।

* भारत में पंजाब आंध्र प्रदेश तमिलनाडु  राज्यों में सबसे पहले हरित क्रांति लाया गया।

* इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य गेहूं धान मक्का जैसे खाद्यान्न फसलों की उत्पादन व उत्पादकता को बढ़ाना था।

* हरित क्रांति का जनक विश्व में N.E. Borlong को माना जाता है, या यूएसए के निवासी थे तथा प्लांट पैथोलॉजी के विशेषज्ञ थे।

* भारतीय हरित क्रांति के जनक एम एस स्वामीनाथन है।

* हरित क्रांति शब्द को सबसे पहले विलियम एस गॉड ने दिया था जोकि यूके के निवासी थे।

पीली क्रांति

* पीली क्रांति oil seed crop से संबंधित है.

* यह मुख्य रूप से तेल वाली फसल जैसे सरसों और सूर्यमुखी की उत्पादन को बढ़ाना है. 

* पीली क्रांति के जनक Sam Pitroda  को माना जाता है.

सफेद क्रांति 

* सफेद क्रांति दूध और दूध उत्पादन से संबंधित है *इसके जनक वर्गीज कुरियन को माना जाता है इसे भारत का मिल्कमैन कहा जाता है.

नीली क्रांति

* नीली क्रांति मछली से संबंधित है. 

* 1960 में इसका शुरुआत किया गया था.

* नीली क्रांति के जनक डॉ अरुण कृष्णन को माना जाता है.

गुलाबी क्रांति

* गुलाबी क्रांति प्याज से संबंधित है. 

* दुर्गेश पटेल को गुलाबी क्रांति का जनक माना जाता है.

रजत क्रांति 

* रजत क्रांति अंडे से संबंधित है इसे इंदिरा गांधी ने प्रमोट किया था.

लाल क्रांति

* यह मांस और टमाटर से संबंधित है,

* विशा तिवारी को लाल क्रांति के जनक कहा जाता है.

सुनहरी क्रांति

* सुनहरी क्रांति मधुमक्खी पालन एवं (हॉर्टिकल्चर) उद्यान से संबंधित है

* निरूपक टुटेजा को सुनहरी क्रांति का जनक कहा जाता है.

भूरी क्रांति 

* यह कोकोआ से संबंधित है

काली क्रांति 

* यह पेट्रोलियम तेल तथा गैर पारंपरिक ऊर्जा से संबंधित है.

गोल क्रांति

* यह आलू से संबंधित है.

प्रभनी क्रांति

* यह okara(भींडी) से संबंधित है।

Eva Green revolution

* इसकी शुरुआत ग्यारहवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना 2010 में किया गया,  इसे मुख्य रूप से उत्तर पूर्वी राज्यों में चलाया गया।t.me/Agriculturecompetitors

Revolution in agriculture

Green revolution
The Green Revolution was first started in 1966 to 1967 and its second phase started in 1983.
* Green revolution was first introduced in the states of Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu in India.
* Its main objective was to increase the production and productivity of food grains crops like wheat and paddy maize.
* Father of Green Revolution in the world N.E. Borlong is believed to be, or was a resident of the USA, and an expert in plant pathology.
* The father of the Indian Green Revolution is MS Swaminathan.
* The term Green Revolution was first coined by William S. Gaud, a resident of the UK.
Yellow revolution
* Yellow revolution is related to oil seed crop.
* It is mainly to increase the production of oil crops like mustard and sunflower.
* Sam Pitroda, the father of the Yellow Revolution is considered.
White revolution
* White revolution is related to milk and milk production * Its parent Varghese Kurien is believed to be called Milkman of India.
Blue revolution
* Blue revolution is related to fish.
* It was started in 1960.
* Dr. Arun Krishnan, the father of the Blue Revolution is considered.
Pink revolution
* Pink revolution is related to onion.
* Durgesh Patel is considered the father of the Pink Revolution.
Silver revolution
* Silver revolution is related to eggs, it was promoted by Indira Gandhi.
Red revolution
* It is related to meat and tomatoes,
* Visha Tiwari is called the father of the Red Revolution.
Golden revolution
* Golden revolution is related to bee keeping and (Horticulture) garden.
* The formative Tuteja is called the father of the golden revolution.
Brown revolution
* It is related to cocoa
Black revolution
* It is related to petroleum oil and non-conventional energy.
Round revolution
* It is related to potato.
Prabhu kranti
* It is related to okara (Bhindi).
Ever Green revolution
* It was started in the Eleventh Five Year Plan 2010, it was mainly run in North Eastern states.

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